An End, and a Beginning

An End

On Thursday, I went to see what the bees in hive #1 (Laura's hive) were up to.  It was a warm spring day, so they should have been busy.  They weren't.  In fact, there were no bees going into or out of the hive.

A quick look inside confirmed my worst fears:

Another cluster of dead bees, and another dead queen.  They'd died in a very similar way to hive #2.  I'm not sure why - but I'd like to know - so I've kept 30 workers, plus the queen, to be sent away for analysis.  It may be disease - you can see some partially-capped pupae (that should be fully capped) toward the bottom-right of the picture.  Or, it may be that they starved because they couldn't hydrate the hard ivy honey that had crystallised in the cells (you can see a patch of it in the bottom-left of the picture).  But whatever the reason, I currently have no bees.

So, for the second time this year, I had to burn everything:

It's sad to have lost all my bees.  However, their bloodlines live on in Ian's and Jessica's bees and also in the ZEST hive.  So there are still Beechen Bees in Widcombe and Bathwick.  In other words, all is not lost, and I need to view this as more a setback than a disaster.

I'm going to concentrate on the ZEST hive for the next couple of weeks, and then think about what to do next.

A Beginning

Who's this furry friend?

It's Pippie!  Mrs Beekeeper and I drove over to an animal sanctuary in Cheltenham on Good Friday to collect her and bring her to live with us in her new Forever Home!  This is my very first picture of Pippie in our house - she is just leaving the bathroom where she had clearly been checking the facilities (an important task, since that is where we have put one of her litter trays).

No cat could ever replace our dear Patsy.  But it's nice to have the patter of little paws around the house once again.  Anyway, Pippie is already showing herself to have quite a different personality from Pats.  She is somewhat shy, but inquisitive, and when she is awake she is a little bundle of energy.  She has got to know the inside of the house, and has already been on a couple of excursions outside to enjoy the bank holiday weather and sniff all the spring smells in the garden.

Welcome to Widcombe, little Pippie - I think you will be very happy here.

When The Bee Stings - Part 2 - Chemistry

Science warning: this post contains actual science. You have been warned...

In part 1, we looked at the evolution and structure of the bee sting.  We know that the first venomous sting evolved in the common ancestor of all Aculeata around the late Triassic or early Jurassic.  Given 200 million years (give or take) of evolution, it's not surprising that the contents of the venom varies between bees, ants, wasps and hornets.  For example, bee stings are acidic (pH 5.0 - 5.5), whereas wasp stings are almost neutral (pH 6.8 - 6.9).

Anyway, we're not here to talk about wasps - this is a beekeeping blog.  And today's entry is about the chemistry of bee venom.  Those 200 million years of evolution have cooked up quite a cocktail of different substances, which work both in isolation and together to provide a precise pain experience when you get stung.  Let's take a dive straight into the detail - looking at the content of honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom, here are the approximate percentages by dry weight:

Melittin (peptide, 40-50%)

Melittin is a peptide, which means that it is a molecule formed of a short chain of amino acids.  This distinguishes it from a protein, which is a long amino acid chain.  Peptides turn up a lot in biochemistry, as they perform all sorts of useful functions including breaking down proteins; some peptides are hormones that are involved in physiological regulation.

Melittin is composed of 26 amino acids.  It has three principle actions:  firstly, it activates pain receptor cells.  Secondly, it causes holes to appear in cell membranes (which basically damages the cells).  The third action is to destroy red blood cells.  All of these are bad, obviously, which is why melittin is such an effective venom component.

Phospholipase A (enzyme, 10-12%)

Specifically, phospholipase A2.  This is an enzyme which breaks down phospholipids.  In turn, phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes, so phospholipase A2 has the effect of damaging the out walls of cells.  When the phospholipids break down, one of the components that is released is arachidonic acid.  This is then oxygenated by other enzymes, to form eicosanoids.  And eicosanoids signal the body's inflammation response.

Hyaluronidase (enzyme, 1-2%)

Another enzyme.  This one breaks down hyaluronic acid, which is a component of the tissue around the cells.  When this tissue breaks down, it increases the permeability of cells, and allows molecules to disperse more quickly around the cells.  In other words, hyaluronidase helps the other components of the venom to get around and into the cells faster.

Apamin (peptide, 2-3%)

This one is another peptide.  Fun fact - apamin was first isolated from the honey bee (Apis mellifera) - hence the name "apamin".  Another fun fact is that apamin is the smallest known peptide nurotixin - and the only one small enough to pass from the blood into the brain.  It acts on the SK channels, which are calcium-activated sodium channels inside neurons.  The job of these channels is to regulate (i.e. slow down) repetitive firing of the neurons - in other words, their job is to make the pain reduce after the initial sting.  But apamin blocks the SK channels, preventing them from slowing down the feeling of pain.  So apamin has the job of keeping going the pain that is caused by melittin.

Histamine (biogenic amine, 0.5-2%)

Histamine makes you itch.  anybody who has an allergy will be familiar with the action of histamine - if you have hay fever you get an itchy nose, while a cat allergy will cause very itchy skin if a cat scratches you.  It is also involved in the body's inflammatory response - inflammation has a number of effects, including making capillaries more permeable to white blood cells, which would normally be a way of fighting infection at a wound.  The inclusion of histamine is rather clever, as it uses the body's defensive system against itself by increasing inflammation at the site of the sting.

MCD Peptide (peptide, 2-3%)

Mast Cell Degranulating Peptide, to give it its full title.  Mast cells are found in connective tissue (including just under the skin) and contain granules which themselves contain histamine and heparin.  MCD peptide causes these granules to break down, releasing the heparin and histamine.  Heparin is an anticoagulant.  More histamine means even more itching and inflammation (see above).

Noradrenaline (biogenic amine, 0.1-0.5%)

Also known as norepinephrine.  Like adrenaline (which is chemically similar) noradrenaline increases heart rate and blood pressure, increases blood flow to the muscles, releases glucose for energy and can cause feelings of anxiety.  In other words, its use in bee venom is to deliberately stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response - presumably to encourage the victim to run away!

Serotonin (biogenic amine, trace amount)

At first sight it's odd to see serotonin here - it is, after all, one of the brain's "happy" chemicals, associated with good mood and feelings of well-being.  However, a side-effect of serotonin injection is localised pain, and that's what the bee is shooting for here.

Dopamine (biogenic amine, 0.2-1%)

Another chemical that is associated with happiness or pleasure.  This is because of dopamine's effect on the brain's reward-motivation system.  In fact, it's more correct to say that dopamine signals the perceived desirability or aversiveness of an event.  In this case, being stung is something to be averted, and dopamine is there to remind your brain of that.

Alarm Pheremones (trace amounts)

The function of the alarm pheremones is to increase the aggressiveness/defensiveness of other bees that are nearby.  So, if a colony is attacked, the first (and bravest) bee to sting the attacker will cause alarm pheremones to be released when the venom is injected.  This will encourage other bees to threaten, and then sting the attacker.  The longer they hang around, the more they get stung.  The wisest course of action is, of course, to run away!

References

I referred to a couple of useful articles when researching this blog post.

This is a piece of research that breaks down the components of honey bee venom by dry weight:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304012422_Bee_Venom_Production_Composition_Quality

And this is a nice infographic showing the different compositions of venom in the main groups of the Aculeata:
https://www.compoundchem.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The-Chemical-Composition-of-Insect-Venoms-v2.pdf

A Beginning, and an End

A Beginning

It was warm on Saturday - just warm enough to open up hive #1 (the only occupied hive) for a quick inspection.  Overall, the bees are doing fine - here's a brief list of observations:

• There were bees on five frames.  For this time of year, that seems good.
   
• The queen (Laura) has made it through the winter.  Also, she is laying - I saw eggs and both un-capped and capped brood.  The capped brood is worker (not drone) so that is also a good sign.
   
• Some of the pupating brood - which should have been capped - weren't, or were only partly capped.  This is a slightly worrying sign, and I shall need to read up on possible causes.
   
• There were a few dead bees in the hive.  Also, it looked like a couple of the larvae were not developing properly.  It didn't look like Sacbrood, but as there were only a couple I couldn't be sure.  I will need to keep an eye on this.
   
• It may just be that the brood is cold (the hive is in almost permanent shade) and when the weather is warmer these problems disappear.
   
• But it could be a sign of something worse.  For now there is no way of knowing.

Still, having done the first inspection, and re-configured the hive to its summer configuration (with the brood box at the bottom and queen excluder directly above it) my beekeeping year has officially begun.  Fingers crossed for good weather, healthy bees and plentiful honey.

An End

Many of my subscribed readers will know about our cat, Patsy.  On Friday, Pats was suddenly taken very ill, and we had to rush her to the vet.  Sadly, this is not a story with a happy ending.  The vet's opinion was that her condition was not going to improve, and in order to save her further distress we made the heartbreaking decision to let Patsy settle down to sleep for the last time.  Pats had been with us since she was approximately 8 years old, and had reached the grand old age of 19½.  A good age for a cat, although I wish she could have lived for ever.  Sadly it was not to be.

This is my very first picture of Patsy, taken just after she'd moved in.  October 2007.

Mrs Beekeeper and I rescued Pats from the mean streets of Willesden Green, when we lived in a ground floor flat.  Later, we moved to a house in Acton, which is when I got my first bees.

My very first bees, just after they'd arrived in a nucleus.  Pats is keeping an eye on them!

Patsy took some interest in the bees, and would sometimes watch from a safe distance when I opened up the hives.  She would also sometimes sit underneath the hives, and I used to wonder whether the sound of buzzing seemed like purring to her.

Patsy watching the bees.

After we moved to Bath, and the hives were located in Gill and Nev's garden, Pats would sometimes follow me along the path from my garden to the apiary.  Provided it didn't interfere with her other plans, of course.  While I got on with my beekeeping, Pats would sniff around the garden, and sometimes climb the willow tree to get a better view.

Climbing the willow tree in the apiary.

Pats was a practically perfect puss.  Our house is too quiet without her, and I shall miss being her butler and her doorman.  I don't know whether we go anywhere after the end.  But if we do, I hope Patsy is somewhere warm and sunny, with a few shady shrubs, some branches to climb up and down, birds to watch, and catnip to sniff.  That was Patsy's perfect day; she had many of them, and she deserved every single one.

Patsy having a perfect day in the garden.